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The index()
function is used to determine the position of a letter or a substring in a string. For example, in the word "frog" the letter "f" is in position 0, the "r" in position 1, the "o" in 2 and the "g" in 3. The substring "ro" is in position 1. Depending on what you are trying to achieve, the index()
function may be faster or more easy to understand than using a regular expression or the split()
function.
Let's say you are trying to determine if a word has a particular letter in it. Let's look for the letter "l" in the string "perlmeme.org".
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'l'; my $result = index($string, $char); print "Result: $result\n";
This program gives you:
Result: 3
If the string doesn't contain the letter, index()
will return a -1. For example, we can look for the letter "L" in the string "perlmeme.org":
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'L'; my $result = index($string, $char); print "Result: $result\n";
The program outputs:
Result: -1
If the letter we're searching for appears more than once in the string, index()
return the index of the first occurrence of the letter.
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'e'; my $result = index($string, $char); print "Result: $result\n";
This program gives you:
Result: 1
Looking for a substring (rather than a single character) works in exactly the same way as looking for a single character:
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $substr = 'me'; my $result = index($string, $substr); print "Result: $result\n";
This program gives you:
Result: 4
The index()
function let's you specify an offset. This tells index()
where to start looking in the string. In our example, we found the first occurrence of the letter 'e' at position 1. Let's try to find the second:
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'e'; # The first 'e' was at position 1, so let's start # looking again at position 2 my $offset = 2; my $result = index($string, $char, $offset); print "Result: $result\n";
The program outputs:
Result: 5
To find (and do something with) every occurrence of a character in a string, you could use index()
in a loop, incrementing the offset each time:
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'e'; my $offset = 0; my $result = index($string, $char, $offset); while ($result != -1) { print "Found $char at $result\n"; $offset = $result + 1; $result = index($string, $char, $offset); }
When we run this program, we get the following output:
Found e at 1 Found e at 5 Found e at 7
Instead of looping through every occurrence of a letter in a string to find the last one, you can use the rindex()
function. This works exactly the same as index()
but it starts at the end of the string. The index value returned is string from the start of the string though.
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; my $string = 'perlmeme.org'; my $char = 'e'; my $result = rindex($string, $char); print "Result: $result\n";
This would produce:
Result: 7
For more information on rindex()
see our rindex() howto.
perldoc -f index perldoc -f rindex rindex()